Chapter 19

Transcript

And you're born to college, you know, like the... Yeah, well, you know, I like to mix it up a little, keep everyone on their toes. you know? And then the brown, the brown and the black, then all goes together, got my elbow patches. for class, you know? Missed you last week, brother. Yeah. We, um, you know, we put the, if you want to listen to the class, we put it on the church website too. So, you know, just in case. So, the study class is not good enough for the road? For the what? Oh, well, I gotta do the elbow patches for class, and then do the rope for the sermon. Oh, okay. All right. Can I borrow your book, or can I borrow someone's book? In the rush of this morning, I left my book at home. I keep forgetting mine. I downloaded it on my phone as well. Smart. Very, very smart. In fact, this is one of the few times I've remembered to bring it today. Nice. I should just leave it in my car. Yeah. Yeah, that's it. Yeah. Well, especially if you're not gonna look at it home, might as well just leave in the car right now. All right, y'all, let's jump right in because we can't, we gotta try our best not to go over today because we have a baptism. So I gotta get back there. for that. So we're gonna continue talking about participles today. The last chapter on Part of Simples, actually. Ooh, it is warm in this spot. Perfect. What was that? it's worm all over. Warm all over. Is it warm in the sanctuary, too? No, just run through my shirt. Yeah. Oh, boy. We'll see how this goes with Deroban. Yeah. Pray for a meal. All right, so let's remind ourselves of... Use the blue marker. Let's remind ourselves of, uh, what's going on with these artists, the bulls. I know we remind ourselves of this stuff regularly with the class, but if, you know, that's helpful, right? We need to remember. We need reminders, and we need to let it seep in. So when we're talking about participles, what are we talking about? What is a participle? Who knows? Someone, just say it. verbal adjective. It's a verbal adjective. That's right. Right, right. this week. You did. You did. You'd see him. The public shame then lodges it in there. I've told you my stories about Greek classic college and the public shame that's still stick with me. So, yes, a part of simple is a verbal adjective, or, you know, we've mentioned in English, what English participles and gerunds, both are what we're talking about in Greek, and again, Pastor Andrews got his English degree. So if you want further conversation about that, talk to him. It's a verbal adjective. It is a word that has a verbal stem, right? Or a verbal root, and then is declined like an adjective. And so, as we parse participles and remember, parsing means, tell me everything you know about the word, we have quite a bit of information. More than nouns and more than verbs. It's kind of like taking nouns and verbs, and putting them together, right? So if we think about Luon, the present, the present active that we learned first, how would we decline Luon? That's a present, active, participle, masculine, nominative, singular, of luo, and then the translation would be based on how the participle was used, right? Because there is no inherent translation. There's no inherent meaning in the actual word of the participle context is gonna tell us that, right? Context, context, context, just like they say, real estate, location, location, location, for Greek translation, and syntax, it's context, context, context. So, a part of simple is a verbal adjective. It's built on a verbal root or stem, declined like an adjective. That's how we have long parsing, as we tell us, all the information about it. And let's think, let's remind ourselves that, um, for participles, uh, time, uh, there's no inherent time element in the participle, right? It is all verbal aspect. With indicative verbs, time was a factor. It was a smaller factor than verbal aspect, but it was still a factor only in indicative verbs, but for participles, for subjunctive mood, the imperative mood, the optative mood, time is, there's no inherent time in it whatsoever. Now, that being said, it's interesting as we come to the perfect part, it said, well, I guess we have to acknowledge that there is at least the smallest element of time in the perfect participle, right? Because you remember, when we talk about verbal aspect, and we noted that for participles, we have the present, tense, or tense form, we have the aorist, and now, this morning, we're talking about the perfect. The present tense or the present tense form, participle, is communicating to us imperfective or progressive verbal aspect. Um, that's why we don't need imperfective, uh, tense or tense form, like we do with indicative verbs, because that is communicating past tense to us of imperfective or progressive verbal aspect, right? The heirest communicates a holistic or perfective verbal aspect, looking at the action as a whole, with no real consideration for what happens before. No, no, no. The Progressive has no consideration for what happens before or after just the action as it's happening. The heorist is the perfective or holistic, and it's just looking at it as a whole. Now, we didn't mention, and in this chapter, he does know that there are 13, I believe it is, future participles in the New Testament. And in fact, you'll know, just a quick little note here, on page, let's see, what page is this? Page 214. On page 214, footnote 7, he lists all 13 New Testament, future partisanals, for us there. So that is helpful. You can even highlight that footnote if you want, because we love a good footnote, don't we? And that's a good footnote. But the future is only 13. I mean, that's pretty minuscule in terms of all of the words in the New Testament, right? So majority heorist for the holistic or perfective verbal aspect. And then, now, this chapter, we're talking about the perfect or what we would call stative verbal aspect, because what the state of verbal aspect is communicating to us is that there was an event that happened, there was something that happened at some point in time, and now there is a resulting state or resulting relevance to the conversation. You know, you got married on this day, you have been in a state of marriage ever since. And so, even though technically, time, there is no inherent time value in participles, we do have to acknowledge that with the perfect, at least in theory, time is considered only in the sense that we're talking about the resulting state or relevance of something that happened previously. Right? Does that, did I communicate that well? Does that make sense? Does anybody have any questions? We've gone over this quite a bit, but it's, I know I've said this, and I don't want to beat a dead horse with it, but I do not remember when I took Greek, and definitely in college, and I'm not sure about seminary, that verbal aspect was emphasized as much as it is in this book, and it really helps make a lot more sense than it did for me in terms of understanding tense, intense form, and time, and all that kind of stuff. So that all makes sense to everyone. We've gone over that quite a bit. So today, talking about the perfect participle, just like with the indicative verbs, the present participle has two paradigms, right? There is the active paradigm and the middle passive paradigm. The middle, and the passive, have one form, and contacts is going to let us know whether we should translate it as middle or passive middle, meaning there's a lot of different uses, the way the middle's used, but in the book, they talk about the reflexive kind of usage. I loosed for myself versus the passive of, you know, I was loosed. So there are two paradigms for both the indicative vert and the present participle. For the heiress and the future, there are three paradigms for the participle, just like there were four. Excuse me, for the indicative. There is a present, there is an active, there is a passive, and there is a middle paradigm. And the reason why, again, we've noted this, and I suppose, nobody really knows this for sure, but it seems like the reason why the heiress and the future have three paradigms, all these different forms, is because of that holistic, because of that perfective verbal aspect, because that's what they share in common. versus the present, or the imperfect or the perfective. The perfect, just like it does in the indicative, has two paradigms. There is an active paradigm, and there is a middle passive paradigm. So let's look at page 210 and 211. Um, on page 210, he gives us the active participle, paradigm, and the middle passive, perfect paradigm for the masculine, and then on page 211, we have the, um, perfect active participle that gives us the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter, just like we saw for the present and the heiress, and we have the middle passing participle. So let's look at these paradigms, 19.3 on 210 and 211. And let's make note, as we often do, of these of what's familiar to us, right? The paradigm is very familiar. divided into singular and plural, as we have seen for the other participles and for nouns and for adjectives that we have denominative, the genitive, the dative, and the accusative, the nominative is the subject of the sentence, or the clause, or the idea, right? The genitive, uh, communicates possession, at least, um, in a foundational way, communicates, possession, in this chapter where you're even gonna learn another usage of the genitive. But generally, as we get started, it communicates possession of, we translated, of, uh, uh, you know, for example, uh, Anthropo of men or of the men, right? Dative is usually communicates means to or four. is how we translate. And then the accusative is the indirect object. Now, if you were to study Greek further beyond this book, uh, plumber and, uh, the other guys, who's the other guy who wrote this Merkel, plumber and Merkel, they wrote a book, uh, that is the, would be the, the sequel to this book. It looks like this, except for its grain. It's little thicker. I think Andreas Costa Costa Burger also was an author on that book. And that's what we would call like an intermediate level Greek. So this would be elementary, Greek. The next book would be more intermediate, and then beyond that, you'd probably have one more kind of like advanced, you know, if you wanted to be like a PhD in Greek or something. But what part of what, you know, you would learn if you were to take a class or read that book or if we were to have a further class here or something like that, is that you would learn, um, For example, that the nominative is more than just merely the subject. Like, there are these other uses for the nominative. These other uses for the genitive. If you would kind of dig deeper into the grammar and the syntax in that way. But generally, we know we're familiar with this pair. This looks familiar to us. Notice, also, the articles are exactly the same. The articles that we learned ever since, chapter 3, the 2nd declension announcer, chapter one with the with the feminine, 1st declension announce. Ha, to, to, tan, hoy, tone, toys, tus, sen, all of a sen, what else do we notice? We notice reduplication at the beginning of the word, halelucos, is the present active participle masculine nominative singular, ha, lelucos. Remember that reduplication from when we talked about the perfect indicative, right? That reduplication is signaling to us that stative verbal aspect. It's signaling to us that this is perfect, that something happened in the past, and that there's an abiding or resulting state or relevance to the conversation. What else do we notice? We noticed that kappa transformative, right? Uh, 24K gold is perfect, Rob Plummer says. So when you see the capital, when you see that, that Kenny looking Greek letter in the middle of your word, it's gonna signal to you that this is perfect. What else do we notice? Well, let's look on page 211 that, um, we have a 313 paradigm here, don't we? We have a we have a Detroit pattern, a Detroit paradigm. The 313 for the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter. We have the third declension. For the masculine and the neuter. Those starting in the genitive, the Asia, es, own, Sias, endings, or if you prefer, you know, buying weed in Cherokee Park, illustration. Can use that one, but it's third declension. And then the feminine is 1st declension and take note, with the perfect tier, that that we have all with the with the feminine singular, and the perfect active participle. We have all cardia form, don't we? Look at Le Lucuia, Le Lucuia, Le Lucuia, and Le Lucuia. Remember, for the present and for the heirest, we had that alpha, Ada, Ada, alpha pattern, right? Same as Daksa or Felasa. But here, for the perfect active, we have an all cardia, or all alpha pattern for the feminine singular. Dr. Palmer says you know all A's if you get all A's, it's perfect. There you go. Another another little memory device for you. And in the middle pastive, you can notice it's an all for the feminine is in all phoning. Pattern. So they are all uniform. And then for the perfect middle passive, we see that reduplication, we see that men, um, that men morphine in the middle of the word, men in the middle of the pew, being passive. Can remember that, and then all of those endings for the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter just are the. The typical the traditional noun endings that we learned in chapters two and three, right? Oi own oysters for the masculine we have so all of those pieces are familiar to us. Now, putting them together is the part that's new, right? And then, most importantly, is understanding how we're translating the participle, now, in terms of the perfect, just as we've learned with the present and the heiress. But all this is the same. For participles, there are the 3 the 3 functions, the 3 usages of the participle. How are we going to translate it? The attributive use, which is how we would typically use an adjective in English, right? The tall man, the running man, would be a verbal adjective. And so that would be the attributive use. We know, we see that, we see an article, um, we see a noun that follows that participle or is at least close to that participle in case number and gender, exactly the same. Then we're gonna know it's the attributive use. The substantive use is where the participle is functioning as a noun. Right? There's an article next to it, and that article is going to do all the parsing work for us. Right? We thank the Lord for that. And then there's no noun. There's no noun anywhere near it that matches it in case number and gender. Then it is the substantive use. It's functioning as a noun. The running one, right? The running man, the running woman, just the running, or the dead, right? The dead will rise in Christ. That substantive use of the adjective or the participle. And then, of course, the adverbial usages are the ones that are more difficult, right? If the participle is the Mount Everest of learning elementary Greek, then understanding the adverbial use of the participle is the very, very the very top. The very peak of this Mount Everest. But we have reviewed this, you know, for several weeks now and again, if you're really wanting it to sink in, with you doing the exercises, rereading the chapters, watching plumbers, videos, until you can't stand the sound of his voice anymore, but you are understanding participles. Um, you know, asking, uh, your brothers and sisters in Christ to pray for you so that you would understand participles if that is what you would like to do. But the adverbial use is where we have no. There is no article. The participle is just standing on its own, and then, uh, that's going to clue us in that as we translate it, it's going to be adverbial, and so there's going to be some, we're going to have to fill in the gap with some words, some English words. That are going to explain what's going on after, uh, after this happened, or during, or when, or because there's there's a lot of different. Ways a lot of different usages of the adverbial. And in our textbook, he does mention some of them, but again, that's something too, if you were to continue studying, you would really dive a little deeper into that. And ultimately, context is going to be what dictates that, right? Because that's why. We have English translations that can have some different different ways that versus are translated. Because they're trying to explain it best. And so. It's 1005. Let's by 101015 probably should cut it so we got about 10 minutes right so thank you, Gabby. Um, let me see. So is it, that all makes sense. We've gone through that. You understand the perfect participle part of it is new, but everything else that we've talked about is the same as it's been for the last couple weeks. If you've watched the videos, you know that Dr. Plummer has a pretty helpful little chart that he, um, that Ryan Fullerton made, and that he shares with us about, you know, if, if you see the article, you know, which one is it? If you don't see the article like it kind of helps you, you know, figure out what's going on with participles so that's really helpful. Check that out or. Or look at it if you wanna understand that better. Let's see here. On page 212, he talks about second perfects, just like we talked about, you know, second heiress, or irregular heiress. There are words in the indicative that have, uh, irregular perfects. You know, when they're in the perfect, they're spelled differently. And so that'll be true for the participles as well. Here on 212, he gives you 6 words and they're perfect, how they look in the perfect. They, those are not the only ones, but those would be ones that are in. They are in the New Testament and so again he even notes here. That. For something like this, recognition, not memorization is what we're doing. And we remember that we're not composing Greek, we are translating Greek, that's our goal. And so we're not fretting, we're not sweating the small stuff here. He does recommend that, for memorization, that we memorize Le Lucos, Le Lucuia, Le Lucas, and Le Lucatas. Just like we did for the present and the heiress that we memorized the masculine singular, the feminine singular, the neuter singular, and the masculine genitive. Singular of the active participle, because that's gonna help us fill in the rest of the blanks. Notice, though, with that genitive, there is no noon, you know for for the for the present active. Right, it was Luantas. But here we got Lailu Katas. So there is no just a little different, so it's not exactly the same ending as the present, but very close, still a third, third declension. We still got the Detroit paradigm. At 313. Now, we're all good on that. We won't go on perfect in the part of Sibles. Let's talk for a minute about genitive absolutes, 19.6 on page 212. This is an example of dipping your toes in some intermediate Greek here in this elementary Greek book because he knows here that a genitive absolute is a subcategory of the adverbial participle used to provide background information. And it comes from the Latin absolutus. Which means loosed. Because it is loosed, a genitive absolutely is loose from the rest of the sentence. It's kind of standing on its own. So, basically, what happens here in the New Testament is that you come to a sentence, you come to a verse, and Um, actually, let's just look at the example he gives at the bottom of 212. John 830. Tauta, outu, uh, laluntas, paloi, epistusen, ace, outan. As he was saying these things, many believed in him. So the, if let's 1st ignore the 1st 2 words in the verse. Let's let's start with La Luntas. La luntas, paloe, at the stusan, ace autan. Um, or I'm sorry, to start with Polloi, Polloi, uh, Epestusen, Ace Autan. That second half of the verse, with everything that we've learned so far, in Greek, we could translate that, right? This could be something that would be a part of the exercises, you know, with everything that we've learned so far. Many believed in him. Um, That, uh, the many is a nominative plural, right? Masculine nominative plural. You see that ending there. Um, Epistusen is, um, an heiress, uh, heiress, active indicative, uh, third singular. Right? And then Ace Autan, in him or into him, Autan, would be the accusative, the indirect object, or the direct object. Um, and ace is the preposition there. And so we understand them. Then he believed in him, but then, before that, we have this phrase, tauta, outu, la luntas. So if we're just trying to translate that woodenly, right, let's say we're coming to this and we're like, um, these, these, or these things. Um, he, uh, saying like many believed in him. What? Like, what is going on here, right? It's it's it's confusing. It doesn't seem like it grammatically fits. It doesn't seem like it syntagically fits or of of these things, these things of him saying many believed into his name or in his name, like what is going on? This is a genitive absolute. So that 1st half of the sentence is not being translated as we have translated or thought about genitives so far. This is not a possessive use of the genitive. This is not just that basic genitive use. This is a different way that the genitive is used syntactically, because it's what it's doing is it's like a sign. It's like a, it's like a, you know, a red light or a neon light that's that's flashing to you. Hey, something's going on here. I want you to notice this. And it's setting, it's setting the 1st half of the sentence apart and it's using the participle. It's using the genitive, and then the participle, almost as a, a grammatical signal. You know, and in in a in a culture where, you know, everything's handwritten in all caps, no spaces, they don't have a bowl, they don't have italics, they don't have highlighters, right? They have to. They signal to us in different ways. Absolute is one of those ways where it's it's giving some background information on the. On the claws, the main claws. This would be temporal at temporal use as he was saying these things. But that's that is a that's a translation choice. That's an interpretive choice. There is nowhere in this Greek sentence that it says, ask, right? Because of the participle, the adverbial use of the participle, were making the interpretive choice that in English, that that is best communicating what is being said. And so for the adverbial participles and uses like this genitive absolute and others, this is, that's the real hard part of translation. Right? Not just of, you know, as we're starting out in elementary Greek, it's exciting to have a verse and kind of woodenly translate it. I understand. I know these words and I can communicate them to English. And that is exciting, and that is really cool. There's, that's one thing, but it's another thing to say, I want to translate this to really, really understand the best I can, you know, with the Holy Spirit's communicating through the author, through St. John here, and even beyond that, for like, for those who work in translation, uh, you know, the, the committees of the ESV of the NASB, or these other, uh, versions of the Bible, or people who translate, you know, into different languages, languages that don't have the Bible yet, you know? And so they really, of course, want to get it. They want to get it right. so that the Word of God can be clear to these languages. And so this really is, you know, that's some of the hard work, and we're just getting a glance at it, dipping our toes. Yeah, we gotta go. Paraphrastic participles is another, just read it. Just read it. Some of this is... some of this is just additional stuff you're learning. So, all right, yeah, we got to respect the baptism today. So everyone's good with that, though. You can read, you can watch the video, you can ask questions if you have any. All right, let me just pray real quickly, and then we'll go to church. Father, we thank you for our class. We thank you for the opportunity to study Greek together with our brothers and sisters. We pray foreverly, Lord, now, as she is baptized in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, that you would bless her, that you would protect her, that you would remind us of our baptism, and that we would rejoice in the good news together this morning. And we pray your blessing on the word and on the table as we come together. We pray in Jesus name, and we pray in the power of the Holy Spirit. Amen.en. Love you all.