Chapter 16

Transcript

Keep the burden light for us instead of continually piling on the stuff we need to memorize. Also, I want to give you guys an encouragement, too. Oh, can I also say this, talking about exciting news? I don't know if this is true in the ladies' room, but we are falling out with soap in the men's room. Those new soap dispensers with bone. So, foam soap is the goat. Bone soap is so much better than... Oh, you've actually put soap in those dispensers now? They're dispensers by the sink are gone, and now they're, like, on the wall. Yeah, there's ones. foamy soap. Oh, yeah. Last week, those dude dispensers were there, but nothing was in them. Oh, yeah, there's soap in them now. Yeah, yeah, yeah. I didn't notice them last week. Well, they'd been there for a few months. The ones on the by the mirror? The mirror, the mirror is like, no, a week or 2 after, but yeah, I put them up, so... I have not noticed that. I've noticed it until now. The last indoor church cleanup. I think there was one in the fall. Yeah. So you're saying the ones that are like 3 centimeters, you get, like your finger in those ones are, are, they're gone. The ones that were by the sink are gone. Now they're the one that you got to turn... They're in the garbage. Yeah. You put those up months ago? Yeah. Anyway, I did notice, though. A time ago, but I always also noticed that they were not filled. We were trying to get through the other soap. Yeah. Oh, finishing it out. The Liquidy McDonald's, though? Yeah. Okay, so that's good news. And here's the other thing I wanted to give you guys was encouragement. You know? Depending on, regardless of your level of interest in studying your Greek during the week and moving forward, Pastor Shane was asking me, like, kind of where we're at in the class and everything. And 'cause he's taking break at RTS right now, by as part as MDF. And I told him last week, I was like, yeah, we're on the perfect Blue Perfect verbs, and this week, we're doing adjectives and adverts, and he was like, whoa, you guys are really far along. See, yeah, in, uh, with what Shane's doing at RTS, they would do this book over the course of, like, 2 semesters and then have a 3rd semester of exegesis and syntax and stuff. And so, he's basically doing the rate that we're going because we're gonna end up doing this from September to May. And we probably won't finish the book. I don't know, we'd have to look at how many weeks we have left, but he was really impressed with our pace. So, kudos to you guys. And we did a bunch of review weeks in there, too. So, yeah, that's good. All right. Um, let's, uh, let's talk about chapter 16. Adjectives and adverbs. And most of the emphasis is going to be on adjectives, because adverbs are pretty simple explanation and really just recognition. And all of this is gonna be more recognition today, but we want to be exposed to this. If you legitimately have a goal of trying to read, translate, study, the Greek New Testament, then these, we need to be exposed to all of these different elements, right? We need to know what adjectives and adverbs are. Why? Because the Greek New Testament is filled with adjectives and adverts. If we want to read it, then we need to know. And so, not so much memorization, more recognition. An adjective is a word that modifies a noun, or a pronoun, right? It describes, uh, the tall man, uh, uh, my beautiful wife. My brilliant wife, my tardy wife, right? So these are adjectives. They describe nouns or pronouns. And of course, an adverb modifies a verb. The tall man quickly ate his meal. The kind woman graciously helped her friend. So, adjectives modify nouns, but most basic, most basic definitions here, adjectives modify or describe, give us further information about nouns, and adverbs modify or give us more information about verbs. Right? Just some, uh, refresher on our English grammar so that we can understand our Greek grammar. Let's look at page 168. And I want to first point out this paradigm, and again, this is gonna be a recognition paradigm, not a memorization paradigm. But look at the first paradigm in 16.3, the middle of page 168 there. This is, uh, the adjective paradigm, first into second declension adjectives, um, and the paradigm looks familiar to us. We are familiar with the singular and plural numbering. We got the masculine, feminine, and neuter there. The nominative, the genitive, the dative, and the accusative. And this is the big takeaway for adjectives, okay? If we were only gonna say one thing about Greek adjectives, it would be this. Adjectives always match their noun, the noun that they're modifying in case, number, and gender. Exactly the same. And so, when we look at this paradigm, you can see, for the masculine of Agathas, Agathas means good. It's an adjective, it was probably in our vocabulary. Last week, or before that, the masculine endings for Agathas are exactly the same as the second declension, Labas, we learned, aren't they? A vas, a, a, a, a, a, look at the, look at the feminist. Agathe, Agathe, Agathe, Agathe. Okay, the neuter. Agathe. Nothing new for you to learn here. They match the, now, an adjective matches the noun that it's modifying in case number and gender. Always. Um, there's, if you watch Dr. Plummer's lecture on this chapter, he mentions this too, and when he mentioned it, I was like, oh, I'm gonna look this up and see, see, um, what he's talking about. But there's a British poet, A. E. Hausmann. Has anybody ever heard of A. E. Hausmann? No, I hadn't heard of him until, uh, Dr. Palmer mentioned it in the election. But Amy Husman was a British poet, and he also was a classical linguist, Greek and Latin, and he taught, I don't know if he taught at Cambridge or Oxford. He taught somewhere, but he wrote a poem, and you can find this online. If you can't find it, and you're interested, I'll Google it to you, because I still haven't pulled up on my computer. He wrote a poem about, it's like a, it's like a fiction kind of love poem about how adjectives match downs in case number and gender. It's like a little like... Schoolhouse rock? Yeah, I mean, it's like, I don't know if you would call it, like, an allegory. I mean, it's poetry, but it's hilarious and fascinating. And unless you're the nerdiest of the nerdy, you would never care about such things, right? But A.E. Hausman, he was bringing the worlds together, kind of like C.S. Lewis, you know, bringing the literary and fiction, storytelling, and fairy stories, and with classical grammar. And he was that Latin was his main thing with the linguistics, but it would apply to the Greek as well. So A.E. Hausman, if you want to look up that poem. But these adjectives, they match their nouns that they're modifying in case, number, and gender. There are three uses of the adjective. Well before I said it, I also want to know that, um, that, uh, words, uh, whose stem, um, ends in, uh, or the stem ends in, um, row, yoda, or epsilon, um, will will follow, um, Let me see here. They will follow the alpha pattern. So we saw the, for the feminine, of the, um, adjectives, noticed that was the Ada pattern, like phone A, right? Words that stem, end in row, yoda, or epsilon will follow the alpha pattern. He's got the example in the book of, um, the word, um, Hagias, which means holy. Uh, so in in the, uh, Feminine, if it's modifying a feminine noun, then it would be Hagia instead of Hagie. So, if a word, and again, this is recognition, we're not composing Greek, right? But if the stem there ends in a row, ioda, or epsilon, then it would follow the alpha pattern. That's called the alpha pie rule. Alpha pi, because row, ioda, epsilon looks like the word pi. Alpha pie. There are three uses of the adjective. And this will be on, uh, the next page over, maybe 170. So we see, on page 168, what the adjectives look like, and we'll talk about that second paradigm in a minute, but the first paradigm is the more common. So we see what the adjectives look like. And now let's talk about their uses. The first use is the use that we're used to in English. The attributive. The attributive use, um, is, is like, uh, the good man. Right? We're used to, we're used to that word order, we're used to adjectives being used in that way. The good man, Agathas, Agathas, Antrobus. Notice that the adjective matches the noun, in case number and gender, and this could be true of any case, the genitive, the dative, the accusative, singular or plural. So we could be toe, agatho, anthropo, two or four, the good man. But the or the attributive use is the one that most organically equates to English. Most of the time, the adjective is used in this way, and we know it because the adjective has the article. If the adjective has the article, more often than not, it's being used attributively. It, um, regardless of what the noun is doing. So this, if we, if you have a phrase in Greek that's the good man, you might see it, then it says, ha, agathas, anthropos. It could say, ha, agathas, ha, anthropos. It could say, anthropos, ha, agathas, or ha, anthropos, ha, agathas. The point is, the adjective has the article. Not 100% of the time, because nothing's 100% of the time, right? Context is king, but there's a very striking, very strong, very consistent pattern, that if you see an adjective with the article, it's being used attributably. The way we think of it in English. The good man, the good woman, whatever. Uh, the holy man. Um, now, the adjective would not have the article if, um, we're, we're talking about it in, uh... and Arthurus, or non article, um, if that's what's being communicated, right? So if the, if, if St. Paul writes, a good man, it's not gonna have the article. Right? Because the article is giving us the definite nature of it. And context, again, is going to help us with that. We're blessed by God to have these critical additions of the New Testament, right? That where these people have done a lot of that work for us. None of us are looking at manuscripts, uh, where it's written in all caps, and there's no spaces, and there's no periods, and so we all give thanks, thanks be to God that there are critical editions of the Greek New Testament, right? But the attributive use is the first use. The good word was preached, the good man. The second way that an adjective is used is, um, what's called the predicate use. And the predicate means that something is being predicated about a noun. Right? Something is being equated, and, um, for the predicate use, uh, the to be verb, a me, will either be present or implied in the sentence. And so we would say, um, it would, you know, say something like, Agathas... Eston... Um... Anthropos. For example. Um... The two beaver, Amy, Amy, A S D, Smin, S D, I C, right? You know, your aiming paradigm, could be there, or it could not be there. Because in Greek, they very frequently would just imply the two beaver. There are a lot of phrases, there are a lot of sentences in the Greek, New Testament, where if you're just reading it, you're just translating, it's a very, you're trying to do it very woodenly, you know, because you're new to this, and you're not an expert or whatever. And so it may just say, uh, uh, Agathas, ha, Anthropos. And you're like, Good, the man? Like, what? You know, how do I, what does that mean? You gotta, you gotta add to, for the English translation, the man is good. You know, and that's the work of translation. A translation isn't just, you know, you learn Greek, and then you read the Greek, and then whatever version that you like, the ESV, the NASB, the NIV, whatever. you just can read it, and then it's an automatic one-to-one, right? Of course, that's not what's happening. There's a lot of work, there's a lot of pieces that need to be put together, and this is one of the things in Greek, they love to not have the to be verb there. It's just implied. They were very, they were very efficient with their language. But what is helpful for us, especially because, again, in the Lord's kindness, we have these critical editions of the New Testament. We have, you know, logos, we have websites that can help us with these kinds of things. Is the period. If the period is there, we know this is the predicate used, because this is the end of the sentence. This is the end of the idea. In the attributive use, there would be more, right? The good man saw the Lord, the good man, blah, blah, blah, right? The good man is not a complete sentence. But with the predicate use, the period will be there. It'll be the end, and so we'll know that we're not translating this the good man. We're gonna translate it, the man is good. And we're going to imply that to beaver, or that to beaver, may be there, too. The third use of the adjective is the substantival use. And this is one we don't do as much in English. Um, but basically, the substance I will use is where the adjective is just functioning as a noun. There is no now, that it's modified. The adjective is the now. So, you know, if it, if we read... Ha, Agathas, the good man. How do we know it's the good man? Because it's in the masculine ending. If it said, Hey, Agathe, the good woman. Uh, Greek loves to do this. The dead will rise. The dead people, right, is what is being implied there. But the dead will rise. Good will win out in the end. That kind of thing. So, these, that's the substantibal uses. basically replacing a noun. It's not modifying a specific amount that's there. So, if you see the article with with the adjective, you know, and then the noun that's matching in case number and gender, that's the most important thing. If you're only learning one thing today. Learn this adjectives, modify nouns, and they match in case number and gender, always. Attributive use, the one where most commonly using in English, the predicate use is a sentence. It's a complete idea. The 2 B verb is either there explicitly, or it's implied. The sub entiable use is where it's functioning as a noun. It's replaced as a noun. Also want to know, too, that with the adjectives match their number, their noun and case number and gender. So, for example, think of the attributive use. But the spelling, especially for the feminine, may not always be the same, right? There's, uh, uh, if we say, um, Hey, Hagia, Gune, the holy woman. Um, the holy wife, uh, Gune has that Ada ending. Hagia's gonna have the alpha ending, but they're matching in case number and gender, even though they're not spelled the same. Does that make sense? Okay, does anybody have any questions about any of that so far? Remember, recognition. I'm not saying, you know, if you're one of those who's all in on Greek, go home and memorize this. No, but we need to be familiar with it. Jared. Oh. Order. Adjective, mel, or the other way around. What is the rules? The rules are there are no rules. They go anywhere. It can go either way. That's why you want to. Would they change? Might they change intent based on their order? There's debate about that. Yeah, you could read like a... But usually not. Yeah. Well, you could read comic, like a commentary, different commentaries or study Bible notes or whatever. They may say, you know, we believe it's in this order because it's emphasizing this, you know, or that. Okay. But the word order, no, it's not like English where we always kind of have a word order unless we're trying to... Now, we may mix up word order if we're trying to make a certain point, right? If we're trying to talk like Yoda or whatever we're trying to do, but for the Greeks, no, that's why we want to look for that article on, or we want to look for the, you know, the period, or, yeah, so no, no specific word order. Because like in English, it's the adjective is always before the noun with maybe incredibly few exceptions. Right. Yeah, not so angry. No. Okay. Could be could be different. Yeah. Yeah, yeah. Okay, so let's go back to page, what time are we at? Let's go back to page 168 and look at the second. paradigm here. uh, for pas, pas, uh, means whole, every, all, pasta, pas, is, if you're memorizing vocabulary, you should memorize. what you should memorize for this word class. Pas, pasa, pon, pantas. And that will give you the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter, and then also give you that masculine genitive, so you know what the root is. Remember, just like the third declension nouns that we talked about a few weeks ago, these would be third declension adjectives. And notice, also, that these third declension adjectives actually are not all third declension. Notice that the feminine of the third declension adjectives does not follow the third declension paradigm. It follows the first attention paradigm, and even though it's a little weird, it's not something we haven't seen before. So look at that second paradigm in 168. Pasa, passe, passe, passe, alpha, eta, eta, alpha. Remember, we talked about that feminine pattern before, with words like Daksa, or thalasa, that follow that, um, alpha, Ada, Ada, or alpha, Ada, Ada, alpha, pattern. So for these, um, these, uh, irregular adjectives in Greek, if the pattern for masculine feminine and neuter follows what's called a 3, 1, 3 pattern. The masculine is third declension, the feminine is first declension, the neuter is third declension. 3, 1, 3 pattern. Or if you could think about it as the Detroit pattern. You know? Friday was March 13th. That thing, she was like, Oh, it's 313 day. It's Detroit Day. This is the Detroit paradigm for you. 313, the masculine is just the same in the plural, too. Masculine, third declension, feminine is first declension, and neuter is third declension. So that first paradigm that we have, that's the most common way adjectives will appear in your Greek New Testament. That second paradigm would be adjectives that are irregular, just like we have irregularities in English, Greek has irregular, too. We've seen that a lot along the way. And Pas, Pasa, Pon, Pontas is a good one to, you know, to look at, to remember that. Um, We'll notice, um, say kind of same thing with the morphology we talked about with the 3rd declension nouns, why the nominatives look, um, weird? Oh, by the way, that reminds me. There's another key for you. For the predicate use, I know I'm jumping back, but I just thought of this. For the predicate use, um... the noun will always be in the nominative. Always. So if it's in the nominative, if there's a period, this is how we're knowing its predicate use. versus the attributive, which the adjective on the article, but it may not be nominative. You know, maybe generative, but maybe dative. It may be. Anyway, but in a predicate, it will always be the nominative. So. Sorry that I forgot that. Back to the 3rd declension adjectives. Some of the morphology, like, the reasons, like, why is it toss? And then we go to Pontas, or Pon, and then to Pontas. Remember, Pontas has given us that genitive has given us the root pont. Pont is the root of the word. And so for the nominative, the endings in the third declension, remember, it's either going to be a sigma, or it's going to be nothing. And so in, um, for the nominative masculine, the new and the Tao drop off, and that's how we get, um, toss, and for the neuter, um, the ending is just nothing. It's not the sigma, it's just nothing. And remember, Greek doesn't like ending words with the letter tao, a little too harsh, so the towel drops off, and we get pawned. The morphology, you don't, you know, if you're interested in it, that's cool, but, again, none of us are composing Greeks, so really, what's the basics? We need to know that adjectives match their nouns in case number and gender. We need to know if you're learning vocabulary that, for pas, that you actually want to try and memorize, pas, pon, pontas, because that's gonna give you all three, masculine, or, yeah, masculine, feminine, and neuter, and it's gonna give you the genitive, which has that root, so you remember, okay, this is third declension, Asia, es, on, Sias, right? Those endings. Or if you watch plumber's lecture, and he talks about sitting in Cherokee Park and some dude who's trying to sell weed, and you don't want to buy with his weed or whatever. So whatever helps you memorize it, but when you, if you're learning vocabulary and you see that pa, pas, pasa, pantas, you're like, oh, pantas, okay, I know that's that 3rd equension, right? That's the reason why it's helpful to remember that way. This is, uh, you can look what you want on page 172. He gives you different uses of past, if it's in the predicate position. It usually means all, if it's in the attributive, it usually means whole, if it's, if there's no article, if it's an arthrest, it means every, if it's substantival, it means, oh, that's good and helpful, if you're interested in that. But as, you know, as we're just getting started and familiar with adjectives in these words, I wouldn't worry about that. You know, if you're a go getter, then read through it and think about it and apply it, but otherwise, just pas, pas, pon, pontas means all every whole. And I would say if you get to the point where you're doing some translating, or you're trying to read it yourself, whichever of those fit best in the context, all every whole, then you just use that one. Um, let's see. Any questions so far on that? Those 2 paradigms, for adjectives, recognition, not memorization, memorized it if you want, but you don't need to, 'cause for the first and second, you already know those endings. You already know the third launch endings. You just need to know which ones fit where. And you don't have to compose. You're gonna see it anyway. So you just want to be familiar with it, right? Let's talk about degrees, degrees of the adjective. In English and in Greek, we have what we call, in terms of degrees, the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. Look at the top of page 173. You have the word small, if it's comparative, if there's two parties that are being compared, and you could say one is smaller of the two. If there's 3 or more, you could say small S, right? We have that er ending for comparing. We have that S ending for the superlative. Young, younger, youngest, good, not gooder, not goodest, good, better, best. How about another reminder for us that we have irregular patterns in English as well? And so when we're getting a little frustrated with our Greek, why, why is this not just easy? Why is this just not something I've seen before? Well, it's true of English, too. Right? Every language has that. So good, better, best. But we can see that in English, we had that er ending, that ER ending, we know, instinctively, that we're comparing. This one is smaller. Comparing two things, right? This one is bigger. There's three or more things. This one is small, less. Big, yes. We have that S ending. Same is true in Greek. Most adjectives will, um, use, uh, you can look at the bottom of page 173 for the comparative, um, they'll use the endings, uh, Teras, or Terra, or Tehran. So. Look at look at this. Look here. Um, at the bottom of 173. Look at the words for small, mink Ross, mink Ross means small. So that's the positive. That's the first one. Mick Mick Rataras means smaller. See, comparative, the 2nd one, and it's helpful because when you have that Teras ending, and again, this is all recognition, but you have that Teras ending, just like, um, in English, smaller, ER, in our minds, points us to, um, The comparative, and Greek, you can see that, you know, that epsilon row right there, and maybe you can make that connection in your mind. But it's not always going to be terross, it could be, um, terra, uh, it could be, um, you know, again, it's gonna match in case number and gender. Also, can see in the middle of page 173 that there is this irregular, the third declension for the comparative, and he gives you this paradigm here for Maison. The word, uh, the word megas means uh, big or great, and the uh, comparative, how do you say, greater? For the word megas is the word may zone. And you're like that doesn't look the same. How would I know that? Well, the same way you wouldn't know that the comparative for good is better, right? You need to memorize it. You know, you just need to be familiar with it. You need to see it. May zone, notice that that nominative singular for the masculine and feminine is actually that genitive plural ending. Right? Because that we own that generative plural ending as Dr. Plummer likes to say. Um, that's that's the one that, you know, they used to speak for the comparative, and then it follows those 3rd declension endings. Asia, as Om Sias, or Om Sinas, um, Maison and Playone. Meaning a play on is from Palus, which means more, so play on means much. I'm reading the sentence right below the paradigm in the middle of 173. These 2 words account for nearly half of the comparatives in the New Testament. of the second. So if you're just, if you've seen that, if you're familiar with that, that's gonna cover a lot of them. And then most of them, most of the other half, are gonna follow this tear off comparative ending. We'll wrap this up here in one second. And then, of course, thirdly, we have the superlative. Small, smaller, smaller as comparative, small S is superlative. The superlative endings will either be running out of board here. Istas. Or...? No, not J. That's not a Greek letter. Or tatas. Right? I think that's what it is. Yeah. Ta, tas, ta, ta, ta, ta. So, um, if you see another real helpful kind of thing here, you see that is, just like we have an English small list, greatest, uh, that's a kind of a clue to us, like Tara Ross. You can see that that er sound, that is sound, or it could be top toss, um... Either one. Here's the deal, though, with these, with the degrees of adjectives. In the coin a period, the point where the Greek New Testament was written, some of this stuff was kind of evolving and changing. So, um... But adjectives were being used not always in a comparative way, or a superlative way, but, uh, in what they call an elative way. So instead of saying, um, The holiest, you know, if it was in the superlative, the holiest, um, Hagia Estas. They were using it more in it in an elated sense, like very, very, very. You know, like not saying this is the holiest of a group of three or more, but this is very, very holy. And then also, the, some of the, you know, the, the comparatives were being used, like superlatives, and they were just kind of, like, it was evolving and shifting. And what's the point of all that? The point is, the way that this is explained here in the book, the way that if you watch live shirts explain, this is all just kind of like general guidelines stuff, and it's not a plug-in play. It's not a fit. We're just getting ourselves exposed to it here, so when we see it, if we see it, we're like, Oh, yeah, adjectives. What are the things we want to know the most? Adjectives, always, match their nouns in case number and gender. Never not. Always. And finally, adverbs will just mention this, just like the LY ending, is how we communicate, adverbs in English, right? Like, I ran quickly, uh, in Greek, I mean, they used the ending vos, omega, sigma, um, that, uh, that, um, that cues us that we're looking at an adverb. So if you see a word and if you look at the vocabulary, a word that ends in O, so a word that ends in omega sigma, it's gonna be an adverb. It's gonna be modifying a verb. Uh, callos, uh, from the word good, kalas, kalos, means well. He did that well. You studied your Greek well. Whatever. So, all right, that was a lot. But, also, recognition, not memorization. What's the one thing you need to know about adjectives? They always match the now they're modifying in case number and gender. You guys want me to read the vocab real quick? Yes, please. All right, page 177. Yuen Galizo. I announce good news, or I preach, like, you, Angleon is the noun that means gospel or good news. So, Uangalizo, I announce good news, or I preach, fail, reo, the Oreo, I gaze, I behold, I look at, cafe mine, I sit, like the word cathedral, Que Russo, I herald, I proclaim, I preach, So we can also see here. Now there's multiple words for preaching in the New Testament, or announcing. Um, who Parko, I exist, or I am. Ionias means eternal. Acestas means each, Udes, Udemia, Uden, means no one or nothing, substantive, Presbuteros means elder, or older. The word Presbyterian. Amen means amen, or truly, or so be it. Exo means outside. Eos means until, or while, Uday means and not, neither, nor, Ute, and not, neither, nor, and Tate, then. And those are our vocab words, and who? Chapter 17. Participles coming up next. This is where we separate... the boys or the girls. From the men and the women of Greek stature. All right? Any questions? One too late, but we'll be okay. Well, you know, as we start church at 10:30. Um... Pastor Andrew, why don't you close this in prayer? Heavenly Father, we thank you for the blessing to get to come here before church and study Greek, to learn... the tools that we need to, we pray, be able to utilize this in time and look at your word as you had your, your people writing. By the power of your Holy Spirit. So bless us in our endeavor and bless us as we go to church, as we pray together, as we sing together, as we give together, as we confess our sins together, as we sit under the preaching of your word together, as we take a whole communion together. We pray all this by the power of the Holy Spirit in Jesus' name. Amen. Thank you guys.