Chapter 23
Transcript
memorize the word prayer and breathing as part of our fasting. And I did, at one point, have it completely memorized, but then, you know, if you don't use it, you lose it kind of thing. I can get through most of it right now, maybe to forgive us our debts, but I don't have it all tightly cleaned. But there's a lot of imperatives in the Lord's Prayer. So we're gonna use the Lord's Prayer here as we talk about the imperative in C, you can see on page 259. Also, if you have your Greek joy of your Greek viable and you want to open it up and see the whole thing, you can do that too. Matthew chapter 6, verses 9 through 13. But we're gonna use the Lord's Prayer as we talk about imperatives. Let's notice, though, oh, by the way, I did I mentioned the amount of optatives in the New Testament, but I didn't explain what it is. The optative is like the subjunctive, but a little weaker. A lot of times people will say the an operative is like a wish. It's a mood of possibility. If we say the subjunctive is the mood of probability, the optative is the mood of possibility. And a lot of optatives, most of the optatives in the New Testament, at least half of them, are really just, there's two words, two different words of phrases. Think of the phrase, make it noita. Have you ever heard anybody just talk about that in preaching or teaching? And, said, shall we continue and sin that grace may abound? Mega Noita. May it never be. absolutely not. Um, and so the, the, the optative can communicate strong prohibition like that. There's a benedictive or liturgical kind of use of the optative. But again, they're very, very infrequent. So we're gonna spend most of our time on the imperative. I find myself continuously glancing up that window because of our experience from last week, wondering if our friend is gonna be back. But let's look 1st at the paradigms of the imperative. Turn to page 260 and 261. So the imperative, as we see these paradigms, at the bottom of page 260, once you notice first that there is no first person imperatives, right? There's just second person and third person. The rest of the paradigm is familiar to us. We can see that the singular and plural divide, we can see the second person and the third person, but there is no first person. Why? Because, well, if you were using a first person imperative, if you were gonna tell yourself to do something, self, do this, you know, low down, get your act together, man. What are you doing? You would actually speak then in the second person, right? You'd be addressing yourself in a second person kind of way. So there is no first person singular imperative. There is a first person form of imperative in the New Testament, but it's actually not in the imperative mood. If we say something first person in an impaired type of way, that's actually gonna be what they call a hortatory subjunctive. So it's actually in the subjunctive mood, and we may have touched on that, briefly, in the subjective chapter, but what were my results with that this morning? But let's look at the let's look at the paradise. Okay, so I want you to, the first thing I want you to notice, look at the first paradigm for the present active imperative. Look at the second person plural. That should look familiar to us. Lueta, Lueta. That's the same exact form as the second person plural for the present active indicative. You remember that? Luo, Luis, Luay, Luamen, Luetta, Luis, or Luisen. So it's the same exact form. Notice that, too, in the middle passive, that next paradigm, down. The second person, plural, luesta, same exact thing, has the present, middle passive indicative, second person, plural, right? Lu, uh, Lu, Mai, Lu, uh, Lu, Amis, Lu, Amitha, Lu, Esta, Luanta. Now, there's a story about the Methodist on the time. Same exact thing. Um, it's true for the aorist active imperative. So all of the second person plurals are the same as the indicative. What you might think, or you might ask, how will I know than when I'm translating, whether it is an imperative or an indicative? What do you think is the first answer to that? How would you know? Context. Always the context. It's always the context. There are also some other ways, you know, if it's being negated, um, if, if, uh, if, if, if you were to, if you, if the author is wanting to say, um, You all are not losing. You all are not losing something. Then he's going to use the that particle. ooh. Ooh, Lueta, because remember, ooh, negates indicative verbs, may negates non indicative verbs. So if you're saying, do not lose, hey, you all, second verse and plural, y'all, as they would say down south, in Fordsville, Kentucky, y'all do not lose. Me lueta. If I'm saying, if I'm talking to someone else, and I'm saying, they are not losing, ooh, Luetta. So there are there can be some grammatical or syntactical clues as to whether it's imperative or indicative. But sometimes there's not, and the context is just going to dictate that it's always context. Always, always context. And so, in the lecture, if you watch the lecture for this chapter for Dr. Plummer, what he does is he has this way that's, if you're trying to memorize and think through these forms, he writes out the paradigm for the present, imperative, or the present indicative. I'll show you, let's do one of them. He goes through several of them in the video. So if you want to watch that, you can see him do that, but let's just do it with the present active imperative, and I'll show you kind of what he gives us a helpful way to remember this or to learn this. And then you can watch the rest of them with him if you want to. So let's start with the present, active, indicative, and we have singular and plural. Let's go real OG, our very first paradigm that we learned. Um, and we got first person, second person, third person. So the first person singular of Luo is Luo. Right? Yeah, because the lexical form, hey, what's up, Jay? How you doing, brother? Jay's patrol in the halls. The... ew, ladder, you just wanted to come say hi. The lexical form is, for verbs, is always the first person singular, right? For nouns, the lexical form is always the nominative singular, either masculine feminine or neuter, whatever it is. So we got Luo. Louise... Louise... Lou, Amen. Pardon my handwriting. I had to get a doctorate because my handwriting was so bad. That's the only reason. That, uh, Lou... U, see, or, u, sin. What's that new called? They remember? Movable. The movable new. May be there, may not be there. So this is our present indicative, present active indicative paradigm, right? This looks familiar to us, as remember this, from what was that chapter 5 or 6? something like that? So he starts with the indicative. And again, he does this for the middle passive. He does this for the heirest imperative, active imperative, the heirest, passive imperative. He goes through all of them. So if you want to watch them go through all of them, that's not the lecture. But he's still, let's start with the indicative, and the first thing we're gonna do is we're going to cross out that first person, singular and plural, because we don't use it. Imperative does not use first person singular, and the way that we use a first person plural in the imperative is that... The hortatory subjunctive, portatory subjunctive. So, we don't need to think about it first person. All right? And what we're going to do then is... start, but that second person plural, because that is exactly the same. Second person, plural for the president active indicative is exactly the same as the present active imperative, second person plural. From there, what we're going to do, or what he does as a way of teaching, is... erase everything but the stem, and this is not something you need to do. Um, on your own, because, obviously, you're not composing Greek, but this is kind of, like, a way to, like, watch the morphology, and maybe it helps you remember or recognize. I think it's the goal. So, um, we start with the second person plural, and that what we're going to do is take this, this et. and add it... to both of the third persons, and for the third person singular, we've got Omega, Luiteau, and... Osen for the plural, luitosin. Uh, the first person... or second person singular, I'm sorry, is Louette. For all of the second person singulars, if you're memorizing, you just gotta memorize them. You got to memorize them cold. What's helpful for the second person plural, the third person singular, and the third person, plural is that the second plural is always the same. For the present active indicative, second plural is the same for the imperative. For the present middle passive, second person plural is the same, indicative and imperative. Uh, Luesta, right? For the heirest, all of the second person plurals are the same for the imperative as they are for the indicative. For the third singular and the third plural, for all of those forms, then look at them. Look at your paradigms on 260, uh, the first paradigm, Luiteau, Louis Tosin, oh. It's not sin. It's sin. This ain't sin. It's not wrong, guys. It's Sam. Well, I was sleepy this morning. You need some coffee, guys? That's pretty funny, come on. Look at the president, middle passive imperative. Um, Luesta is the same for the second person plural. Look at the third singular. Lewis Tho, we'll get the plural. Luestosen, so that omega, at the end, of the, of the, The 3rd singular is the same as the 2nd plural, except for there's an omega at the end. You see that? The third plural is the same as the second plural, except it's Osan instead of just that epsilon. Same exact thing. Those endings, look at the heirest, imperative, active imperative. The top of 261. Look at the third plural, loose set toe. Look at the third stangular, I'm sorry, lucito, third plural, lucentosin. So for all of those, it's the same, the third singular and the third plural are all the same. They are the same as the sector. You just take that second person, plural, and you either make the ending O or O son. Now, again, we're not composing. So we don't got to stress out about that. We just want to be able to recognize. And maybe that morphology is a helpful way for you to do that. In the book, they give you kind of a different strategy. If you want to learn it, what they call the Zorro method, beginning with the second singular, over to the second plural, and then you, then you cross down to the third singular, and then back over to the third plural. So you can read through the chapter, and if you like the Zorro method of trying to understand and know imperatives, you can use that. If you watch the lectures and you like his method of taking the indicative and morphing it over, whatever's helpful for you. If you don't care either way, then no, Hokuno Matata. You don't have any worries at all. in terms of the imperative. But that being said, let me, let me, uh, make one more note, and then we can look at the Lord's Prayer in our last 15 or 20 minutes or so is, so the, the hortatory subjunctive is the way that we would use a first person, um, plural imperative. So, for example, um, you know, let us, let us love one another. Right? It wouldn't be, there is no imperative form for that. That would be a 1st person imperative, right? Let us let us all. The author included, do this. Let us rejoice. Let us love, let us whatever. It would be in the subjunctive form, and it's called the hortatory subjunctive. If a, if the imperative, in order for the imperative to be negated, it's just the same as any other non-indicative verb. We use may. Me, lue, u as an individual, do not lose. Me, Lueta, you all, don't lose. Uh, how do we how do we do a third person imperative? We don't really do third person imperatives in English. do we Not really not often, but in Greek, there's third person imperatives. And it's it's like, um, think of the verse where Jesus says, if anyone would follow me, let him take up his cross. Right? So the 3rd person imperative in Greek is said, like, if you're the kind of person, if you're the, if you're the kind of person who's following Jesus, you must take up your cross. It's kind of that removed imperative. It's not, the English translation kind of makes it sound like it's a request. But it's not a request. It's a command. It's an imperative. Uh, the, the verbal form is showing us that it's an imperative, but the only way we can really communicate that in English is, is in that kind of style, because we don't really have a third person imperative in the way that we talk. So if anyone would follow me, let him take up, you don't deny himself, take up his cross and follow me. So if you want to negate that in the present, it's gonna be with men. Let him not do this. You know, let him not continue in sin. Let them not continue in sin. For the present, just like any other non-indicative verb, we're negating with men. With the heiress, we do not negate with men. This is where it gets a little weird, just like Rick likes to do, and any language likes to do, is if you're negating an heiress imperative. So, like, look at the top of page 261. You see that heiress active imperative paradigm. Lusan, lusata, lusito, lusitosin. If you want to negate that, so, say, you, you do not lose in the heiress. We would not say, me, lous son. Now, again, we're not composing. So we don't have to think about that, but we have to think about what is it gonna look like then? How do we recognize it? When in heiress is being negated, in the imperative, it's, um, it's called a prohibitory subjunctive. So, the Greeks would use the subjunctive instead of negating an heirest... imperative. Now, I know that this is all very riveting for you, and you guys are on the edge of your seats, but let me show you where the rubber meets the road in terms of translation here. So go back to 259 and 260. Okay, 259, 260, Or if you want to pull up in your group, New Testament, too, go to Matthew chapter 6 and verse time, we have the Lord's Prayer. Here in the text, they just, he just gives you the English translation with the Greek imperatives in it. Our Father in heaven, plater, haemon, haen, toys, hollow it be your name. Hagiastito. Hagiasta tota animasu. Your kingdom come, alpha toe is come. Um, Elpheto hebasileasu, your will be done. Genethoto, ta, falema soup. Host and umero kai epi ges on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. Tan, Artan, Haemon, Tan, Abusian, Das, Haemen, Se Maeron. So you notice all those are... imperatives, or we should notice, we will notice. But look at the top of page 260. And lead us not into temptation. Um... Kai May, Isenenkis, Heimas, Aes, Parasma. Look at that footnote, too. We love a good footnote here in class. What does it say? An heorist, prohibitory, subjunctive, functioning imperativally. So the only negated imperative in the Lord's Prayer, all of the other imperatives, all of the other requests, are positive. And so they're in the imperative. The one, lead us not. Please do not lead us into temptation because of that not, because of that negation, it is not in the impaired form. It is in the subjunctive form. It is a prohibitory subjunctive. Let's go back and look at some of these verbs and see if it makes sense to us. Back on page 259. Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Hagias Theto. Does that, does that ending look familiar to you? Well, look at, um, Look at, uh, The ending there, that's that that omega, Eto, That's that 3rd person singular pending, right? Hollow would be your name. Uh, same with your kingdom come, El Theto, 3rd person singular. Um, get an AFITO, your will be done. That 3rd person singular imperative. You guys see that? Mm hmm. Let me pull this up here, too. Double check something on my logos. Yeah, so that's... see if he has the paradigm in here or not, 'cause I want to see if you guys can see this. I don't think he does. Oh yeah, he does look on page 262. In the middle of the page, see there, it's got arist, middle imperative, and air is passive imperative. Lucai, Lucesta, Lucesta, Lucesto, Lucestosan, is for the middle, for the heiress passive imperative. Lutha T, Lutha T, Lutha T, Lutha Tosan. So, let's flip now between 259 and 262. Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Hagias theto. Back to 262. Lutheto, the third singular heiress passive imperative. Do you guys see that? So, he's giving us... what, what, what, what, what, what I want to show you here is that... In the Lord's Prayer, and then, obviously, if you're interested in translation, you're going to want to do this everywhere. But even in terms of something that is very liturgically relevant to us, we pray the Lord's Prayer every week here at church. Jesus taught us to pray that way. We teach our kids to pray that way. Pastor, I believe it was Pastor Shane, a lot of those last week or sometime in the last couple weeks, reminded us that Martin Luther encouraged somebody who wrote him a letter and said, you know, how do I pray? Teach me how to pray, and Luther encouraged him and said, memorize the Lord's prayer, memorize the Ten Commandments, and memorize the Apostles' Creed, and you will never have any shortage of content for your prayers, right? So this has been, for two millennia, Christians all over the globe have liturgically and devotionally used the Lord's Prayer. As we should, because that Jesus taught us to pray that way. But if we see here, the air is imperative, second person, um... or, or, uh, third person, uh, singular, heiress, active, imperative, third, singular, if we were to parse that, of Luo is... Lutha Tull. I don't know why I wrote... and Ada at the end there. It's Luke the Tub. For the Lord's Prayer. Um... Hollowed be. Hey, Stella, how you stay tone, right? Yes. Sweet. Except I wrote the accent wrong. Did I? No. No. That's good? It's that hard age sound, hot, hoggy as they took. If the accent is turned around silent, right? But if we've got it facing that way, it's that H sound. So look at this. That is an heirest of... It's not arist, it's not active, it's passive. I'm really on the ball today. Airs passive imperative. That ending. So, if, um, If we were, if you were translating, the Lord's Prayer, if you were working through it, you know, devotionally, or to teach, or whatever, and you were translating it, see, that ending is showing you, third person, singular, heiress, passive, imperative. May your name, because we have to figure out how we, how are we putting this into English? Oh, you know, the Lord's Prayer, because it's got such a rich history, liturgically, we've kind of adopted, you know, we have these, the way of praying it that most people are familiar with. Even if it's not the way we would necessarily speak in English, you know, if we would say the most clear, concise, way of translating or communicating this word or this phrase, we probably wouldn't use Hollow D, your name, but because we've inherited that, you know, from early English translations. But, but what, what we're communicating, because it's an aorist, aorist, meaning holistic. holistic verbal aspect, right? We've known that the whole way. Perfective or perfect, perfect tense is that imperfective verbal aspect. So how does that work with the imperative? If you want to give a command of something that's general, study your Greek every week. You owe, great class. Study your group. Just keep studying your grief, and it's an every week or an everyday thing. You would use a present imperative, because a present is, it's that imperfective aspect, right? It's just thinking about the action as it's happening. If I were to talk about something specific, this week, study imperatives, I would use the heirest, because I'm talking about a specific occasion, just something as a whole. So that's how it translates, kind of, to the imperative. The perfect, or not the perfect. The present has that imperfective, um, progressive, verbal aspect, the heiress has that holistic, perfective, verbal aspect. So this is an heirest, holistic perspective, passive, meaning, um... It's an action that's being done too, right? Not, uh, not something that someone is actively doing, but that someone is participating in that it's being done to them. May your name, so the subject is God's name, may it be revered as holy. May the name receive that recognition, that hollowing. Um, And we see that form. Because, uh, Hagias theyto, um, let's glance real quick at the lexical form of that word. Hagiatso means to let me write it for you so you can see it. So, the lexical form of this here is... is Dr. Al can't write, is Luo. For Hagiasteto. It... That's the Zeta, but you know you can write however you want. We've learned that, right? Hagiatso, which means to sanctify... or to make holy. So this, Hagiasteto, ta animasu, hallowed be your name, is an heirest, passive imperative, 3rd person singular. Let the name, let the name be hallowed, let the name be sanctified. Let it be made holy because it's the heiress passive, imperative 3rd singer of Hagiatso. And then all the way through the Lord's Prayer, that's what we're seeing here, right? That's the same with, um, your kingdom come. Elpheto. That's from from Ericlemind, right? Um, because because we're using that 2nd aorist, uh, form, um, of Ericomine. Genefeto is from Genomai. Das is from diddleme, to give, a face, forgive our debts is from Afiami. Those are all heirest imperatives. Deliver Rusai is, um, an heirest, uh, middle imperative. Look at page 262, that airs middle imperative, again, what's the first form? Loose sign. See that? So, Rusai is to deliver us from evil, and the one exception, lead us not into temptation. May Isenenkis is not in the imperative, it is the prohibitory subjunctive. Because the heiress imperative, when it's negated, is in the subjunctive form, and not in the imperative. So hopefully seeing that Lord's Prayer and kind of doing that parsing gives you a little glimpse into every, so everything we've been doing now, that's, this is how the rubber meets the road. Yes, Kevin. So, if... if that's, I make holy break, so it's a lexical form, so it would be you doing, or, like, yourself doing it. So then if it's in 3rd person singular, would it, like, wouldn't they translate to you in your name holy? Yeah. Make holy, like if you're trying to give that make holy. Well, isn't it passive? It's a passive. Yes, it's an heiress passive third singular. So... um, let's think about it. I know we're running out of time. Sorry. No, no, no, it's a great, but this is the kind of thing we would do if we were to continue forward. Like, working through a book together, and analyzing and doing syntax. So, let me just glance because, um... I want to give you the best answer I can right now. So the subject is your name, Tahana Masu, the name of you, right? And then that is an heirest, passive, imperative. So... Let, let it be, third singular, is the name. So if we were trying to do a real wooden kind of translation, um, let it be sanctified. Let it be made holy. In the name. Yes. Because that's your subject. Right. The name is the subject, you can, uh, if you guys, he doesn't have it in the book, but if you look at the, um, in the Greek, the translation for verse 9, it says, Hagias, te tota, animas, su. So we have.. We have... Kazoo is your right? This is, yeah, this is the second person, um, personal pronoun, and gu, moi, mei. So, Su is the second person. Jerry's wife. It's the second person personal pronoun. We have the article here. Tom, so that's neuter, right? Is that what you guys remember that? Neuter article of Anama, um, like, uh, uh, and Anama, that may just be the lexical form. It is. Yeah. I'm pretty sure it is, because, I mean, that's the, it's either. Yeah, it is. The nominative universe team. It is, yeah, which we know the forms are the same, right? For the nominative or the accusative, but context is gonna let us know that's the only subject, you know, in that clause, right? So, yeah, so if we take the subject, the name of you, your name, uh, heirest, holistic perspective, passive, imperative. That's the 3rd singular, May or Let It Be Made Holy. You know, just like we said, thought of the example, if anyone would follow Christ, let him, or may he take up his cross. So this is the same thing here. It's like a removed imperative for the third person. And really, remember, in the prayer, it's a request. The and the prayers in the in the New Testament always use the heirest form, heirest imperatives, is a stylistic thing, apparently. And so this is a request. Lord, please, Father, please, let your name be revered. Let it be made holy. Yeah. So, and then that's, you know, again, that's just one line. Um, but that's that's when when you do grammar syntax translation, that's what you're doing. You're trying to look at all the clues, put the pieces together, not only to understand it, and see it clearly, but then be able to communicate it so that other people, maybe someone who doesn't know grief, that they can read it and understand what it's saying, right? It's kind of exciting. You know, when you think about, we've had a lot of hard chapters and ideas and concepts and kind of dry, and you're like, you don't need to be tempted to think, how does this fit? Like, where am I seeing the fruit or the benefit of it? This is just the tiniest glimpse of getting that feeling of, you know, what translation and reading the Bible in Greek actually does. So thank you for the question. That was fun. Anyone else, we do have to go to church, but is there anyone else who has anything? No? All right, guys, remember no class next week? I'll see you in two weeks. Be thinking about if you want to pursue any kind of Greek study in the future, and we can talk about that. Let me pray. Actually, Pastor Andrew, will you pray real quick? Close us. Yeah. Heavenly Father, thank you for Christ's Community Church, as we come together every Sunday, but this Sunday we focus on the ascension of your son, Jesus, to your right hand, and we are humbled, and we give you thanks for that, because without the work of Christ, we are without hope. We pray that as we go into church that we are just overwhelmed by the gospel through the word and the sacraments, to give us the strength to get through another week before we meet again. We pray all this now by the poverty of Holy Spirit in Jesus' name. Amen. Amen. Thank you, guys. Great class.